The provenance of twelve un-worked blocks and one part-knapped block recovered from the surface of five Middle Neolithic sites in the vicinity of Porto Vecchio, southeastern Corsica (western Mediterranean), was determined by ion beam analysis (PIXE). This is the first such discovery on Corsica of actual raw blocks of this exotic material. Twelve of these samples come from sources associated with the Monte Arci volcanic complex of Central-West Sardinia, with six each of the SA and SC chemical types. The only possible origin for the remaining block is Lipari, a raw material previously only attested by three artifacts from a Neolithic site of NW Corsica. This piece is aberrant for its unusual facies and its poor quality, making it quite unsuitable for knapping, and by extent distinct from the high quality glassy obsidian from Lipari that was used regularly by Neolithic peoples. This raises the question of the archaeological significance of this surface find.
La provenance de douze blocs bruts d’obsidienne et d’un treizième tout juste testé, trouvés en surface dans cinq contextes du Néolithique moyen du Sud-Est de la Corse, à proximité de Porto Vecchio, a été déterminée par analyse élémentaire sous faisceau d’ions (PIXE). Ces blocs, d’un matériau dont il n’existe aucune source sur l’île, sont actuellement les seules trouvailles de ce type. Douze de ces obsidiennes proviennent de zones-sources associées au massif du Monte Arci (centre-ouest de la Sardaigne), dont respectivement six de chacun des types de composition chimique SA et SC. Un treizième bloc, n’a pu venir que de l’île de Lipari, une origine connue pour seulement trois autres obsidiennes d’un site néolithique corse, situé dans le Nord-Ouest de la Corse. Son faciès inhabituel et peu propice à la taille ne correspond pas au verre volcanique liparote de grande qualité, utilisé par les néolithiques, ce qui pose la question de sa pertinence archéologique.
Obsidian blocks, Provenance, PIXE, Neolithic, CorsicaBlocs d’obsidienne, Provenance, PIXE, Néolithique, CorsepresentedPresented by Philippe TaquetIntroduction
Obsidian is frequently found at Neolithic sites of the western Mediterranean. Many studies since the 1960s have shown that the origin of this material is limited to the four island sources of Lipari, Palmarola, Pantelleria and Sardinia (Arias et al., 2006, Bigazzi and Radi, 1998, Cann and Renfrew, 1964, Hallam et al., 1976, Lugliè, 2009 and Tykot, 1996, inter alia), which makes this material a good index of regional contact and exchange between local communities over several millennia (Fig. 1). In Corsica, obsidian artefacts first appeared during the early 6th millennium BC with the earliest settlements of the Cardial culture (Atzeni, 1966, Bailloud, 1969, Camps, 1988, Costa, 2006, D’Anna et al., 2001 and Lanfranchi, 1980). Flint, another exotic material whose closest sources lay in Sardinia, also played an important role in stone tool production of an island poor in local rocks of good knapping qualities (Bressy et al., 2003, Bressy et al., 2007, Bressy et al., 2008 and Marini et al., 2007), with local resources largely limited to rhyolites (Ameziane-Federzoni, 2007a, Ameziane-Federzoni, 2007b and Costa et al., 2002) and quartz. Since the 1970s, a number of provenance studies have shown that the obsidian found on Corsica came from Sardinian sources (e.g. Bigazzi et al., 2005, Bressy et al., 2008, Hallam et al., 1976, Le Bourdonnec et al., 2010a and Tykot, 1996), with the exception of one sample sourced to Palmarola (Salotti et al., 2000) while two others came from Lipari (Le Bourdonnec et al., 2010a). Of the four chemical types of Sardinian obsidians, all associated with the Monte Arci volcanic complex, only one type (SB1) is almost completely absent from these Corsican lithic assemblages.
The modes of obsidian acquisition by Corsican populations are still poorly understood, in particular the form in which the obsidian was ‘imported’. Although evidence for obsidian knapping is known from a few sites on Corsica, such as Tivulaghju (Tramoni et al., 2007), Vasculacciu (Tramoni et al., 2003 and Tramoni et al., 2004) and Campu Stefanu (Cesari et al., 2011), in the southern part of the island, or A Fuata in the north-west (Le Bourdonnec et al., 2010a), cores are otherwise generally lacking, or poorly represented in most assemblages. It currently remains uncertain as to whether this is a reflection of intense local reduction strategies (whereby it is now impossible to recognize the cores), or indicative of these communities procuring part-/ready-made products (Costa, 2006). Until the last few years, non-worked obsidian blocks or pebbles were unknown in Corsica. However, twelve such blocks and another one only tested were recently discovered in the southern part of the island, a region known to have been in close cultural connection with Sardinia during much of the Neolithic, from the 6–4th millenium BC (Tramoni et al., 2007). It is the purpose of this paper to characterize these blocks and to evaluate their importance in the context of regional procurement strategies.
The obsidian blocks and their contexts
All the obsidian blocks were collected in the south-east of Corsica, in the vicinity of the coastal city of Porto Vecchio. They were all found on the surface of five Neolithic sites: I Caselli and Foce (8 and 9 km to the north-east of Porto Vecchio) plus Tivulaghju, Vasculacciu and Teghja di Donna (3, 10 and 11 km respectively to the city's south-west Fig. 1). From their visual characteristics twelve of these obsidians were attributed a Sardinian origin, while a Lipari provenance was tentatively assigned to the remaining sample (Table 1).
Eight blocks came from the megalithic site of Tivulaghju, or ‘Tivolaggio’, located on the left bank of an alluvial terrace along the lower Stabbiaccu river valley. While the site was first described during the 1960s (Grosjean, 1961 and Grosjean and Liegeois, 1964) it was only in the early 2000 that detailed investigations of the megalithic monuments and their surroundings were initiated (Tramoni et al., 2007). The site is composed of two megalithic cist burials together with numerous other anthropogenic remains dispersed over an area of about 25,000 m2, amongst which are four loci with notable artifact concentrations (Tramoni et al., 2007, Fig. 5). These include obsidian and flint, with 1989 and 129 artifacts respectively, (which comprise 87% of the chipped stone materials), plus more than 1000 bones and 600 potsherds fragments. The typo-technological characteristics of the Middle Neolithic stone tools, and the pots’ shapes and decorations, are typical of the second half of the 5th millennium BC. In locus 1, a group of seven obsidian blocks were found in a group, suggesting that they had originally been stored together in a cache (Fig. 2). Weighing between 111 and 438 g, the largest dimension of these blocks was between 67 to 113 mm which is comparable to the initial module sizes estimated from the local obsidian debitage products (Tramoni et al., 2007).
One block comes from Vasculacciu, among the best-documented megalithic site of Corsica, known since the 19th century (Fig. 3). In a preliminary examination seven megalithic cist burials were identified and partly excavated (Grosjean, 1961 and Grosjean and Liegeois, 1964) while an eighth was identified during a later re-examination of the site (Lanfranchi, 1986), while two more structures were unearthed during the early 2000 (Tramoni et al., 2004). Vasculacciu is situated on the top of a hill about halfway between the southwestern coast and the Figari gulf (Tramoni et al., 2004, Fig. 2). The excavated part of the necropolis occupies an area of 2000 m2 (Tramoni et al., 2004, Fig. 3); 200 m to the south-west lay the two megalithic burials of the Urgonu site (Grosjean, 1961 and Tramoni et al., 2004, Fig. 4). Remains of a Neolithic occupation are attested by thousands of surface finds around the Vasculacciu monuments, with the three loci of highest concentrations within less than 100 m of the necropolis. It is not certain that the monuments and open-air settlement were contemporaneous but this kind of monument is unknown elsewhere in Corsica before 4800 cal BC and the rather typologically homogeneous Vasculacciu lithic/ceramic industry suggests a Middle Neolithic date no younger than 3800 BC (Tramoni et al., 2007) as confirmed by 14C ages of 4600–4200 cal BC. The Vasculacciu block was found on a small hill 200 m from the necropolis and inside the perimeter of an associated Neolithic settlement.
The I Caselli and Foce sites are situated downslope from the Tozze Bianche mound, on its southern and eastern margins respectively. Both are extended surface scatters where the spatial distribution of the numerous finds suggests activity/settlement in several loci (Pasquet, 1979 and Tramoni, 2000). I Caselli is situated on the left bank of the Osu coastal plain, some 500 m from the coast of the San Cipriano Bay. Here hundreds of obsidian artifacts, including numerous non-retouched blades, are distributed over an area of 5000 m2, while obsidian flakes are also found on the slopes surrounding the site. Most of the numerous associated ceramics can be attributed to the Basian Neolithic, which dates this site to the 4th millennium BC. Two obsidian blocks were found by an amateur collector within the general spread of the I Caselli artifacts. Foce appears to be an important open air settlement on the upper edge of a granitic alveoli, with artifacts spread across almost five hectares. As at I Caselli, obsidian is abundant. On the basis of the ceramic and lithic industry, this site can be attributed to the Middle Neolithic, locally dated to the end of the 5th millennium. The Foce obsidian block comes from the Truscietu locus.
The Teghja di Donna block, also found by an amateur archaeologist, was collected in the southern part of the Sotta village territory in an elevated site relatively poor in archaeological remains. Its association to nearby finds dating from the Basian to the final Neolithic is uncertain, whereby we cannot exclude a historic date for this piece.
PIXE analysis and sourcing
The blocks’ raw material provenance was deduced from their elemental compositions as obtained by ion beam analysis using the Accélérateur Grand Louvre d’Analyse Élémentaire (AGLAÉ) at the Laboratoire du Centre de Recherche et de Restauration et des Musées de France (LC2RMF, UMR171, Paris) (Fig. 4). The analyses were undertaken by the non-destructive technique of particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) using an external 3 MeV proton beam of approximately 50 micron diameter scanned over a sample surface of nearly one millimeter square. Three such measurements were made in different points of each block in order to take into account possible heterogeneities within the raw material. The fluorescence X-rays emitted by the obsidian samples were collected by two Si(Li) detectors, with the data treated by the 2000 version of the GUPIX software (Campbell et al., 2000). Details about experimental procedures, spectra processing and data treatments are described elsewhere (Bellot-Gurlet et al., 2005, Bellot-Gurlet et al., 2008, Le Bourdonnec et al., 2005, Le Bourdonnec et al., 2010b and Lugliè et al., 2007).
The fifteen element contents determined for each block are reported in Table 2 (top). Clearly more than one type of composition is represented in this group of material. Apart from Ga, significant variations are observed in all other elements contents, the most striking being with regard to Sr and Zr. These compositions exclude a southern Tyrrhenian origin, as shown by a bivariate diagram when comparing the Zr and Rb contents of these blocks to those of geological samples from the four potential West Mediterranean island-sources analyzed by the same technique (Fig. 5). This diagram also suggests that at least two types of Sardinian sources are represented among the blocks. A comparison with the average PIXE compositions of the four Sardinian obsidian types (Table 2, bottom) shows that the blocks cannot be of the SB1 type, due in particular to their Mn, Sr and Zr contents, or of the SB2 type on the basis of their Zn and Zr contents. This leaves only two possibilities, namely the SA and SC types, as confirmed by a 3D diagram based on the samples Zr, Zn and Mn contents (Fig. 6). The PIXE analysis confirms the visual type attributions proposed for 11 blocks in Table 1, and by extent establishes firmly the Lipari provenance of the Teghja di Donna piece, and resolves the only uncertainty left by the macroscopic appearance about the sample from Tivulaghju 5 in favour of the SC type.
The primary sources of the SA and SC obsidians are located in the southern and the north-eastern parts of the Sardinian Monte Arci volcanic massif (Fanti and Lugliè, 2010 and Lugliè et al., 2006). While the distribution of the SA obsidian tends to be spatially limited to the immediate vicinity of the source (Fanti and Lugliè, 2010), SC obsidians blocks and cobbles of sizes and qualities convenient for knapping are dispersed over greater distances, into the plains surrounding the massif on its eastern, southern and south-western parts, implying in the most extreme cases a colluvial/fluvial transportation of nearly 40 km. The morphologies of these raw products vary with distance from the primary sources, from angular to more or less rounded shapes, while their sizes decrease accordingly. In addition, due to the time spans spent in river terraces deposits, these ‘secondary’ source obsidians acquired a more or less developed cortex. Shape, size and the presence of cortex are therefore important parameters in visual sourcing studies of ‘archaeological’ SC obsidians (Lugliè et al., 2007, Lugliè et al., 2008 and Lugliè et al., 2009). The size of our SC blocks from Corsica, with their sub-angular shape and very limited/absent cortex, suggests that they were acquired from the primary source or its associated nearby colluvial deposits. More precisely, while the SA blocks could only have come from the Conca’e Cannas small valley, those of the SC type are typical of the obsidians from the detrital deposits of the Niu’e Crobu-Sennixeddu slopes, below the primary outcrops of the Perdas Urias cliff (Pau territory, see Lugliè, 2003).
Discussion
During the Neolithic the lithic industries of Corsica relied for a large part on the use of non-local materials as flint and obsidian. This raises the question of these raw materials origins, of the form under which they were introduced in the island and of their mode of procurement. Until recently, obsidian provenance studies had been undertaken on material from no more than 15 sites (it is recorded at nearly 40 [Vaquer, 2006 and Vaquer, 2007]) and even then usually involving only a small fraction of the total assemblage (Costa, 2006). These characterization studies suggested that with only a few exceptions these obsidians came from Sardinia, a pattern that has been further confirmed by a series of more recent analyses (Bressy et al., 2007, Bressy et al., 2008, Le Bourdonnec et al., 2010a and Paolini-Saez et al., 2008).
From the 6th to the 3rd millennium BC we have clear evidence of the SA, SB and SC Sardinian source materials being procured by Corsican communities, however the still limited data prevents a clear understanding of these different materials’ spatio-temporal trends and relative abundance (Le Bourdonnec et al., 2010a). When the sub-types SB1 and SB2 are distinguished, as in some recent studies, it appears that in Corsica – as elsewhere – the SB1 type, of poor knapping quality, is only occasionally present (Lugliè et al., 2007, Lugliè et al., 2008 and Lugliè et al., 2009). Outside of Sardinia, in particular on the Italian peninsula, the high relative frequency of the SB2 type found in Early Neolithic contexts (6th – beginnings of the 5th millennium BC) diminishes significantly from the late Middle Neolithic (second half of the 5th millennium BC). It is therefore not surprising that among the 13 blocks analyzed, twelve are of Sardinian origin, coming specifically from the two major sources exploited at this time, SA and SC. The provenance of the other obsidian artefacts from the same sites, although previously poorly documented, also points to a Sardinian origin. This was the case for two obsidian artifacts from Tivulaghju, found to be of the SC type (Magdeleine and Ottaviani, 1986), while the 44 pieces analyzed from Vasculaghju, three came from SA, one from SB1, 11 from SB2 and 26 from SC (Hallam et al., 1976 and Le Bourdonnec et al., 2010a).
The presence of one block from Lipari (the visual characterization confirmed by elemental analysis) constitutes an exceptional piece in southern Corsica. This unexpected occurrence was a surface find assigned a final Neolithic date on the basis of associated finds. During this period, Lipari obsidian was mainly used by communities on the Italian peninsula, especially those of the Pouilles and Tavoliere areas and Paduan plain, and to a lesser extent by the peoples of Tuscany and the Tyrrhenian coast (Lugliè, 2009, Tykot, 1996 and Vaquer, 2007). Corsica and Sardinia, with their closely linked Neolithic cultures, were not directly connected to the exchange networks responsible for the circulation of Lipari obsidian. If the presence of two artefacts of Lipari obsidian in the north-western Corsica site of A Fuata suggests a marginal contact with this network (Le Bourdonnec et al., 2010a), the significance of the Lipari block at Teghja di Donna is unclear. This quite heterogeneous block, replete with phenocrysts and bubbles, is of very poor knapping quality and therefore of no apparent technological/economic interest. In contrast, the only other obsidians known to have circulated far beyond Lipari tend to be of the best glassy, homogeneous and transparent quality. Moreover, these glassy obsidians never circulated as unworked blocks, either to Calabria in the Early Neolithic or elsewhere from the Middle Neolithic. The recovery of a Lipari obsidian block from the Neolithic site of Teghja di Donna thus remains anomalous, a chance find that made its way to Corsica by unknown means.
All the blocks found to date (Table 1) are unfortunately surface finds, whose arrival on Corsica is of uncertain date. The I Caselli and Foce contexts suggest a 4th millenium BC date, with the abundant associated surface finds relating to the recent Basian Neolithic (Pasquet, 1979 and Tramoni, 2000), a period during which obsidian was still one of the main raw materials used in Corsica (Bailloud, 1969, Camps, 1988 and Vaquer, 2006). However, at Foce there is evidence of an earlier occupation of the 5th millennium BC. At Tivulaghju and Vasculacciu the blocks were collected during systematic field studies. The Middle Neolithic age of the nearby/associated structures, inferred from their lithic typology and ceramic style, has been confirmed by 14C dating and is in agreement generally with the appearance of megalithism on the island (Tramoni et al., 2007).
Throughout the Neolithic, Corsican populations were entirely dependent on Sardinia for their supply of ‘good quality’ lithic raw materials, specifically obsidian and flint. In the ancient Cardial Neolithic sites of southern Corsica, where obsidian formed only a minority component, the presence of cortical products and of all steps of the chaîne opératoire, as in Basi (Bailloud, 1969), Campu Stefanu (Cesari et al., 2011) and Renaghju (Bressy et al., 2003 and D’Anna et al., 2001), suggests that from the 6th millenium BC onwards these people were ‘importing’ obsidian in the form of raw blocks and/or partly tested blocks. As such, it comes as no great surprise that eventually archaeologists might recover examples of actual raw blocks, with the finds at Tivulaghju and Vasculaciu substantiating this expectation for the Middle Neolithic of the 5th millennium BC (Tramoni et al., 2004 and Tramoni et al., 2007).
At present, the discussions concerning the history of obsidian circulation in Corsica and the mode(s) by which these exotic raw materials were introduced to the island are hampered by two major obstacles; firstly there is a lack of precise stratigraphic context for the samples, while we also lack radiometric dating for the obsidian-bearing sites/cultural horizons, and their overall integration within a reliable chrono-cultural reference frame. Future sourcing studies need to focus on well-documented sites/samples. Secondly, obsidian-sourcing studies have hitherto usually been limited to a few samples per assemblage, with little discussion as to the sampling strategy and/or the techno-typological specifics of the artifacts (‘samples’). Hence questions remain as to how representative of direct procurements/exchanges these data are. The recent advances in physicochemical methods of obsidian characterization and their association with visual sourcing should allow the sourcing of entire assemblages.
Conclusion
The provenance of the only 13 raw obsidian blocks thus far known from Corsica was determined both visually and by non-destructive ion beam analysis (PIXE). Twelve of these blocks were unworked, one had only been tested and all were surface finds. Twelve blocks were associated with Neolithic remains that should date them to the 4th millennium BC (although one might possibly relate to the 5th millennium BC) and were sourced to Sardinia. In eleven of these twelve cases the visual source attribution was confirmed by elemental analysis. In the remaining case, a visually ambiguous attribution was resolved by the PIXE. Six blocks were found to belong to the SA and SC types respectively of the Sardinian Monte Arci volcanic complex. One unworked block had been, from its macroscopic appearance, attributed a Lipari island origin, an attribution confirmed by elemental analysis. However this sample is of uncertain archaeological significance.
The presence of raw blocks of Sardinian obsidian in southern Corsica was by no means unexpected, as during the Middle Neolithic this volcanic glass was used extensively by island communities, and because entire reduction sequences were attested amongst some of these Corsican assemblages. The sourcing of these blocks to the SA and SC Monte Arci types also corresponds to the period of these sources’ greatest use (Lugliè, 2009).
This work confirms the pertinence in western Mediterranean obsidian provenance studies of the association of visual and instrumental determinations. Taking into account recent advances in instrumental obsidian sourcing this approach will allow the treatment of entire assemblages. Thus not only the dynamics of Sardinian obsidian circulation and use might be better understood in the Tyrrhenian and central Mediterranean areas, but rare events, as the presence of Lipari or Palmarola obsidians in Corsica, have a better chance of being detected. Provenance studies of artifacts from sites located on the margins of known ‘influence zones’ of the various western Mediterranean obsidian sources could also serve as a means of recovering evidence for the occasional contact between members of different socio-economic systems.
Acknowledgements
The authors are indebted to the prospectors who provided them with some of the blocks analyzed here, F. Gavini (Teghja di Donna site), Fr. Lesueur (I Caselli), S. Milleliri (Vasculacciu) and to the AGLAE facility team members of the Laboratoire du Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France LC2RMF UMR171 (Paris) Thomas Calligaro, Brice Moignard, Laurent Pichon and the late Joseph Salomon. They wish to thank Tristan Carter for his expert revision of the English. The analytical part of this work was partly funded by the GdR 3174 CNRS “ChimARC” project. Group meetings and field works were supported by grants from the Collectivité Territoriale de Corse and the French Ministère de la Culture (Service Régional de l’Archéologie de Corse).
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Schematic map of western Mediterranean showing its four obsidian island-sources and the localization of the blocks-bearing sites in southern Corsica.
Carte schématique de la Méditerranée occidentale montrant la localisation des îles-sources d’obsidienne et en Corse méridionale celle des sites où ont été trouvés les blocs analysés.
Obsidian blocks from the Tivulaghju site. Reference numbers as in Tables 1 and 2.
Blocs d’obsidienne du site de Tivulaghju. Les codes de références sont ceux des Tableaux 1 et 2.
Obsidian blocks from the Caselli-Bacca (a), Foce Zonza (b), Teghja di Donna (c) and Vasculacciu (d) sites.
Blocs d’obsidienne des sites de Caselli-Bacca (a), Foce Zonza (b), Teghja di Donna (c) et Vasculacciu (d).
Experimental set-up for the analysis of obsidian blocks (here those of Caselli-Bacca) at the AGLAE facility. The sample is exposed to the proton beam of a tandem Van de Graaf accelerator in the ambient room atmosphere after its exit off the machine vacuum through an ultra-thin (0.1 μm thick) Si3N4 window. A helium flux between the sample and this window lowers the atmosphere mean molar weight to limit absorption effects.
Montage expérimental pour l’analyse d’un bloc d’obsidienne (ici celui de Caselli-Bacca) par PIXE à AGLAE. L’échantillon est exposé au flux de protons produit par un accélérateur Tandem Van de Graaf, après sa sortie de machine, au travers d’une fenêtre ultra-fine (0,1 μm d’épaisseur) de Si3N4. Un flux d’hélium entre l’échantillon et cette fenêtre diminue le numéro atomique moyen de l’atmosphère pour limiter les effets d’absorption.
Bivariate diagram comparing the Zr and Rb contents in the Corsican blocks and in obsidians from the western Mediterranean island-sources (PIXE data on geological obsidians from Lugliè et al., 2007, Lugliè et al., 2008, Lugliè et al., 2009, Mulazzani et al., 2010 and Poupeau et al., 2000).
Diagramme comparant les teneurs en Zr et Rb des blocs corses avec celles d’obsidiennes des îles-sources de Méditerranée occidentale (les données PIXE pour les échantillons géologiques sont celles de Lugliè et al., 2007, Lugliè et al., 2008 and Lugliè et al., 2009 ; Mulazzani et al., 2010 ; Poupeau et al., 2000).
3D diagram comparing the Zr, Zn and Mn (as MnO) contents in the Corsican blocks and in obsidians from the Sardinian Monte Arci (PIXE data on geological obsidians as in Fig. 5).
Diagramme comparant les teneurs en Zn, Zr et Mn (cette dernière exprimée en oxyde MnO) dans les blocs corses avec celles des obsidiennes sardes du Monte Arci (données PIXE pour les échantillons géologiques comme sur la Fig. 5).
Samples origin and macroscopic characterization.
Origine et caractérisation macroscopique des échantillons.
SiteOriginSample ref.Mass (g)NatureDescriptionTypeCaselli-BaccaLesueur coll.BB2060Unworked blockPolyhedral angular morphology. Granular grey-banded texture in a black matrix.SCBT121.3Tested blockPolyhedral angular morphology.SAFoce ZonzaPasquet95-19569.2FlakeLarge shaping flake. Internal fracture plane. Very finely granulated. Excellent knapping quality.SCTeghja di DonnaGavini coll.Tegh-12540Broken blockFragment of a block of no more than 15 kg initially. No patina. Presence of a perlitic matrix.Lipari?TivulaghjuTramoni et al., 20071 (7)*385Unworked blockPolyhedral angular morphology. Granular grey-banded texture in a black matrix.SA2 (5)313Polyhedral angular morphology. Granular grey-banded texture in a black matrix.SA3 (6)227Polyhedral angular morphology. Black homogeneous texture. Good knapping quality.SC4 (3)142”Polyhedral angular morphology. Grey-banded texture in a black matrixSA5 (4)110.5”Polyhedral angular morphology. Black homogeneous coarsely grained texture. Brown/red coloured contact surface.SC/(SB2?)6 (2)466”Angular/subangular morphology. Distinct banding. Smooth adamantine luster.SC7 (1)439”Polyhedral angular morphology. Granular grey-banded texture in a black matrix.SATramoni8201”Angular subdiscoidal morphology. Grey-banded texture in a black matrix.SAVasculacciuMilleliri coll.Vas-Bl1207Fragmented blockUnworked blockPolyhedral angular morphology. Granular grey-banded texture in a dark matrix. Smooth dark-grey banded texture. Good quality. Contains phenocrystals.SC